In a quiescent state, what form of energy in gas particles exerts outward pressure countering gravity?
Answer
Kinetic energy (measured as temperature)
Nebulae, despite their huge mass, are generally extremely diffuse. The gas particles within these clouds are in constant motion. The measure of this random motion and collision rate is defined as temperature, which is directly related to the kinetic energy possessed by the particles. When these particles collide with sufficient frequency, they exert a measurable outward pressure. This thermal pressure acts dynamically to oppose the mutual gravitational attraction that is constantly trying to draw the entire cloud mass together, thus maintaining a stable, quiescent state until a critical mass is achieved.
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