What percentage of the Moon's surface area is considered the truly permanently hidden zone, accounting for libration?

Answer

Approximately 41%

While tidal locking leads to the initial conceptualization that 50% is always hidden, the phenomenon of libration slightly expands the total visible area over time to about 59%. If 59% of the surface can eventually be viewed from Earth over several orbital cycles, the area that is *never* revealed to Earth-bound observers—the truly permanently hidden zone—must be the remainder. Subtracting the 59% visible area from 100% yields the remaining portion, which is approximately 41% of the lunar surface that remains obscured.

What percentage of the Moon's surface area is considered the truly permanently hidden zone, accounting for libration?

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