What organizational structure characterized the Soviet crewed lunar effort compared to NASA's Apollo program?
Answer
Effort spread across several competing design bureaus
A fundamental difference between the Soviet approach and the American Apollo program was resource consolidation. While NASA centralized its efforts under the singular Apollo program, the Soviet lunar ambition was fragmented. Resources and focus were distributed across several distinct and often competing design bureaus, such as OKB-1 led by Korolev and Vladimir Chelomei’s bureau. This internal rivalry often led to the simultaneous development of competing designs, which subsequently depleted vital resources and hampered cohesive strategic direction.
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