What natural process caused the gas and dust cloud to settle into the flattened galactic configuration?
Answer
Conservation of angular momentum
The highly flattened structure of the galactic disk, where stars and gas orbit close to the central plane, is a natural consequence arising from the conservation of angular momentum. As the immense primordial cloud of gas and dust collapsed and began to rotate over cosmic timescales, this principle dictated that the material would settle into the configuration possessing the flattest possible rotational geometry around the center of mass.

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