What mechanism is invoked to explain the most extreme or highly inclined Hot Jupiters?

Answer

Gravitational scattering among multiple massive planets.

Gravitational scattering involves chaotic close encounters between planets that can radically alter orbits, often flinging one planet inward or outward, which is necessary to explain high inclinations.

What mechanism is invoked to explain the most extreme or highly inclined Hot Jupiters?
astronomyexoplanetsHot Jupitersorbits