For which scale does the effect of stretching space typically overwhelm local gravitational tugs experienced by galaxies?

Answer

Beyond the immediate vicinity of galaxy clusters (e.g., exceeding 100 million light-years).

The cumulative effect of the universe's expansion becomes the dominant factor separating objects only when the intervening distance is vast enough, overcoming the binding energy exerted by local mass concentrations.

For which scale does the effect of stretching space typically overwhelm local gravitational tugs experienced by galaxies?

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