Which elements require the extreme energy of the supernova for formation or scattering?

Elements heavier than iron

A star synthesizes lighter elements into heavier ones throughout its life via processes like main-phase fusion and subsequent core fusion stages. However, the creation and dispersal of the heaviest elements—those with atomic numbers greater than that of iron—require energy levels far exceeding what occurs during normal stellar burning phases. The extreme, cataclysmic conditions inherent in the supernova explosion itself provide the necessary environment, either through rapid neutron capture processes during the explosion or by scattering these newly forged heavy nuclides throughout the galaxy. This process is fundamental to galactic ecology, as these enriched materials, including elements like gold, become the raw ingredients for subsequent stellar generations and planetary formation.