What physics constraint dictates that instantaneous, real-time control of a Mars rover is impossible?

Answer

The speed of light, which governs radio signal travel time over vast distances

The fundamental physical limitation governing all interplanetary communication is the speed of light, which is approximately 299,792 kilometers per second. Given the varying distance between Earth and Mars—which can stretch from 54.6 million kilometers to over 400 million kilometers—the time required for a radio signal to travel one way creates an unavoidable lag. This lag ranges from about 3 minutes at closest approach to over 22 minutes at opposition. This substantial one-way delay, compounded by the return trip time, makes instant feedback or moment-to-moment human guidance unfeasible, necessitating that rovers operate with significant onboard autonomy.

What physics constraint dictates that instantaneous, real-time control of a Mars rover is impossible?

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