What higher frequencies do orbiters typically use for the downlink transmission toward Earth?
Answer
X-band or Ka-band
Once an orbiter has received and stored the data from the surface assets, it initiates the second stage of the journey: the transmission across interplanetary space toward Earth. This second leg of the journey requires significantly higher bandwidth capabilities to cross the vast distances effectively. To achieve this, the orbiters utilize higher frequency bands, specifically mentioning X-band or Ka-band capabilities. These higher frequencies are chosen because they possess the necessary characteristics to carry larger volumes of data across the immense void separating Mars and Earth, facilitating the high data rates needed for modern missions.
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How Mars rover Curiosity communicates with Earth - YouTube
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