What mineral signature found by Opportunity indicated the past presence of highly acidic and sulfate-rich water?
Answer
Jarosite
The chemical analysis conducted by Opportunity provided evidence not only of water but also of its specific, harsh chemistry in the Meridiani Planum region. The identification of the mineral jarosite was a crucial indicator in this regard. Jarosite formation is highly dependent on extremely acidic conditions, specifically requiring the presence of significant concentrations of sulfates dissolved in the water. This finding stood in contrast to other mineral evidence and pointed towards a geological history marked by surface water weathering processes that resulted in a highly acidic and salty environment when these particular rocks were being formed.
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