What material primarily constitutes the diffuse gas and dust clouds comprising nebulae?

Answer

Hydrogen and helium gas along with fine cosmic dust.

Nebulae are fundamentally composed of the lightest and most abundant elements in the universe, primarily hydrogen and helium gas. This gaseous component is mixed with fine cosmic dust. This mixture resides within the interstellar medium (ISM), which is characterized by its extreme diffuseness—a volume of deep space equivalent to a cubic centimeter contains significantly fewer particles than the same volume of air on Earth.

What material primarily constitutes the diffuse gas and dust clouds comprising nebulae?
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