What makes Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) especially hazardous for deep-space missions?

Answer

Their composition of heavy nuclei and high speed allows them to penetrate spacecraft hulls.

GCRs, being fast, heavy nuclei, are highly penetrating and can easily pass through the metallic structure of a spacecraft, posing a significant risk of cellular and DNA damage to astronauts inside.

What makes Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) especially hazardous for deep-space missions?

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