How much brighter do K stars typically get over a 10-billion-year period?
Answer
Only about 10–15%.
A major advantage of K-dwarfs is the minimal change in their luminosity over vast timescales. Over the Sun's entire 10-billion-year run, K stars only experience a minor increase in brightness, estimated at about 10–15%. This contrasts sharply with the more volatile behavior of younger G-stars or the perpetual, dangerous activity cycles of M-stars. This slow, steady increase in output provides a highly benign and stable environment, allowing geochemical cycles necessary for sustaining life to proceed uninterrupted over cosmic time.

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