What key planetary feature is missing on Mars that leaves its surface constantly exposed to high levels of incoming high-energy particles?
Answer
A global magnetic field
Earth benefits significantly from a global magnetic field which functions as a shield, deflecting much of the incoming high-energy solar and cosmic particles before they reach the surface. Mars lacks this crucial planetary protection. Consequently, the surface is bathed in higher levels of radiation. While the thin atmosphere offers some minor attenuation, it is insufficient to guarantee the safety necessary for long-term human habitation, especially concerning reproductive health where maintaining the integrity of DNA in developing cells is paramount.
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