Protons, helium nuclei, and what other particles comprise the high-energy atomic nuclei known as Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs)?
Answer
Heavier ions
Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) are defined by their composition as being comprised of high-energy atomic nuclei that travel at near the speed of light. This composition specifically includes protons (single hydrogen nuclei), helium nuclei (alpha particles), and significantly, heavier ions. These heavier ions are particularly problematic because their mass and charge result in high kinetic energy, allowing them to penetrate spacecraft shielding much more effectively than lower-energy particles, posing a severe threat to biological tissue.
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