If water cannot remain liquid on the surface due to cold and near-vacuum, what must the observed flowing water contain?

Answer

Heavy contamination with salts, specifically perchlorates

Because pure water would quickly freeze or vaporize, the liquid observed must be heavily contaminated with salts like perchlorates, which drastically lower the freezing point, allowing it to remain liquid at much colder temperatures.

If water cannot remain liquid on the surface due to cold and near-vacuum, what must the observed flowing water contain?

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