Why does liquid water not persist on the surface of Mars presently?
Answer
Low atmospheric pressure prevents long-term stability
While Mars clearly once hosted flowing liquid water, current surface conditions prohibit its stable existence for extended periods. The primary constraint is the planet's very thin atmosphere, which results in extremely low atmospheric pressure. Under these low-pressure conditions, water rapidly transitions directly from ice to vapor (sublimation) or boils away quickly even at relatively low temperatures, preventing it from remaining in a liquid state on the surface for any meaningful duration.

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