Which cosmological parameters govern the rate of galaxy cluster formation?

Matter density ($ ext{Omega}_m$) and dark energy ($ ext{Omega}_ ext{Lambda}$)

The study of galaxy cluster formation and growth over cosmic time provides powerful constraints on the fundamental parameters that govern the evolution of the universe. Specifically, the rate at which these massive structures have formed and accumulated mass is highly sensitive to the overall density of matter in the universe, denoted as $ ext{Omega}_m$, and the amount of dark energy present, denoted as $ ext{Omega}_ ext{Lambda}$. If matter density were significantly higher, structure formation would have occurred much faster, leading to earlier and more massive clusters than observed. Conversely, if dark energy were too dominant, its repulsive effect would have inhibited the gravitational collapse necessary for these large structures to grow efficiently across cosmic timescales.