When does the catastrophic core collapse into a neutron star or black hole occur relative to the visible explosion?
Answer
During the supernova event itself
The collapse of the core into a neutron star or black hole happens during the supernova event, often preceding the arrival of the visible shockwave at the stellar surface, as this collapse powers the outward explosion.

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After A Supernova Event, What Is Left Behind? - Physics Frontier
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