What specialized engineering expertise might a physicist designing a new instrument for the *Europa Clipper* mission need?

Answer

Deep expertise in cryogenic engineering and radiation hardening.

For instruments operating in deep space environments, especially near icy bodies like Europa, specialized knowledge in maintaining functionality at extremely low temperatures (cryogenic engineering) and protecting electronics from high-energy particles (radiation hardening) is required.

What specialized engineering expertise might a physicist designing a new instrument for the *Europa Clipper* mission need?
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