In the proton-proton chain, how many hydrogen nuclei combine to form one helium nucleus?

Answer

Four hydrogen nuclei

The fundamental stoichiometry governing the proton-proton chain reaction dictates a precise input-output ratio for the transformation of the lightest element into the second lightest. Specifically, the overall, cumulative result of the sequential steps involved in the proton-proton chain reaction is that exactly four individual atomic nuclei of hydrogen, each consisting of a single proton, must ultimately collide and fuse together. This combined process results in the formation of a single nucleus of helium, which contains two protons and two neutrons. This conversion of mass into energy according to Einstein's principles is the energetic foundation for the stability of stars like the Sun during their extended tenure on the main sequence.

In the proton-proton chain, how many hydrogen nuclei combine to form one helium nucleus?

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