What geophysical process is responsible for keeping Europa's massive subsurface ocean in a liquid state?
Answer
Internal heat generated by tidal flexing as it orbits Jupiter
The maintenance of liquid water miles beneath Europa's surface is directly attributed to the constant gravitational tug-of-war between Europa and Jupiter, known as tidal flexing. This flexing generates significant internal friction and heat within the moon's interior. This continuous internal energy input counteracts the frigid external temperatures, thereby preventing the entirety of the vast saltwater ocean from freezing solid, which is crucial for potential habitability.
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