What fundamental engineering challenge does the development of reusable rockets represent for Russia, requiring excellence across multiple disciplines?

Systems integration, including GNC for autonomous landing

The shift from designing single-use rockets, which focus primarily on achieving orbital insertion reliably, to designing reusable rockets is fundamentally defined by the complexity of systems integration. Successfully executing a controlled, autonomous landing maneuver requires the seamless collaboration and exceptional performance of several distinct engineering domains. These include high-fidelity aerodynamics control, robust propulsion systems capable of throttling down for landing burns, and highly accurate Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GNC) software and hardware to manage the descent trajectory. For Roscosmos, mastering this complex integration represents a technological leap comparable in magnitude to the initial development achievements of the original Soyuz program.