What analytical tool became crucial in differentiating true nebulae from spiral nebulae (galaxies)?

Answer

Spectroscopic analysis to determine radial velocity.

Spectroscopy allowed astronomers to analyze light to determine both chemical composition and radial velocity—how fast the object was moving toward or away from Earth—providing data unavailable previously.

What analytical tool became crucial in differentiating true nebulae from spiral nebulae (galaxies)?
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