What defining characteristic separates NASA's reliance on academic institutions from purely defense-focused contracting?

Answer

NASA partners with institutions like CalTech and JHU APL that are not focused on shareholder profit.

The reliance on academic primes, which operate under management contracts without a primary focus on shareholder profit like public companies, is a structural aspect that distinguishes NASA's procurement environment.

What defining characteristic separates NASA's reliance on academic institutions from purely defense-focused contracting?
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