What design factor related to its operational goal fundamentally shapes Starship's dimensions, often making it larger than an expendable equivalent?

Answer

Extra mass margins for propellant needed for ascent and descent

The core pursuit of full reusability is the primary driver dictating the sheer physical size of the Starship stack. Reusable systems inherently require substantial mass margins dedicated not only to the propellant needed for the initial ascent to orbit but also for the propellant required later to execute the controlled descent and landing burn. Furthermore, the structure must be heavily reinforced to endure multiple atmospheric re-entries and subsequent landings. These needs—extra propellant, landing systems, and robust structure—collectively demand a physically larger and heavier vehicle compared to an expendable rocket designed to deliver the same payload mass to orbit.

What design factor related to its operational goal fundamentally shapes Starship's dimensions, often making it larger than an expendable equivalent?
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