What high-speed phenomena are launched outward to power the hypernova's extreme kinetic output?
Answer
Relativistic jets.
The extreme energy and brightness of a hypernova are powered not by a standard shockwave rebound, but by highly collimated, relativistic jets. As the core collapses into a black hole, the surrounding material forms an accretion disk. The intense gravitational and magnetic forces associated with this system channel a fraction of the infalling matter away from the poles. These jets accelerate to speeds approaching the speed of light and bore through the star's outer envelope, depositing massive amounts of kinetic energy, which manifests as the hypernova explosion.
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Hypernova: The Bigger, Badder Supernova. - YouTube
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