Risk articles
What was the estimated total cost of the American Space Shuttle program by its 2011 anniversary?
What economic concept describes the trade-off when funds for a Mars habitat are diverted from Earth-bound problems?
What logistical necessity significantly inflates preliminary costs for a human mission to Mars?
How does the virtual absence of gravity, or microgravity, immediately affect astronaut weight-bearing structures?
What are the two primary types of ionizing radiation astronauts face when outside Earth's magnetosphere?
What long-term cognitive deterioration is suggested as a consequence of low doses of Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR)?
Beyond radiation and microgravity, what systemic health effects are noted after long-duration space flights?
What two specific historical incidents dramatically increased the hazard posed by orbital debris?
Why does even a small fleck of paint or a discarded bolt pose a catastrophic risk in Low Earth Orbit (LEO)?